Belgium

v0.1 · 2022–2024 · 6/6 axes

Composite Score

ISI Composite

0.2880

Moderately Concentrated

Cohort Rank

21 / 27

Less concentrated than 78% of cohort

Axes Coverage

6 / 6

All axes available

Cohort Mean: 0.3444 · Δ -0.0564

Position in Cohort Distribution

Belgium's composite score relative to the EU-27 cohort.

Multi-Axis Profile

Deviation from Cohort Mean

Bars show deviation from cohort composite mean (0.3444). Red = above mean. Green = below mean.

Axis

−0.30EU Mean+0.30

ScoreΔ Mean

Financial External Supplier Concentration

0.1535−0.1909

Energy External Supplier Concentration

0.3079−0.0365

Technology External Supplier Concentration

0.2945−0.0498

Defense External Supplier Concentration

0.4473+0.1030

Critical Inputs External Supplier Concentration

0.1725−0.1719

Logistics External Supplier Concentration

0.3521+0.0077

Structural Exposure Summary

Belgium records a composite ISI of 0.2880, classified as Moderately Concentrated (rank 21 of 27). Structural exposure is led by Defense Industrial Dependency (0.4473) and Logistics / Freight Dependency (0.3521), which together represent the primary concentration vectors. The lowest axis score is Financial Sovereignty at 0.1535, indicating relative diversification in this domain and a score below the cohort composite mean. The 0.2939 spread between the highest and lowest axes signals an uneven exposure profile across domains.

Most Diversified (Lowest HHI)

Financial External Supplier Concentration0.1535

Critical Inputs External Supplier Concentration0.1725

Most Concentrated (Highest HHI)

Defense External Supplier Concentration0.4473

Logistics External Supplier Concentration0.3521

Axis 1

Financial External Supplier Concentration

0.1535Mildly Concentrated

Belgium scores 0.1535 on financial sovereignty (mildly concentrated). This reflects the concentration of inward banking claims and portfolio debt holdings across foreign creditor countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.1984

Channel A Volume

407.3K

Channel B Concentration

0.1058

Channel B Volume

383.71K

Score

0.1535

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Banking Claims Concentration

30 partners

BIS — International Banking Statistics · Bank for International Settlements

Top Partners

38.0%

15.7%

10.0%

8.6%

6.8%

6.5%

3.1%

2.7%

2.5%

1.9%

Other

38.0%

15.7%

10.0%

8.6%

6.8%

Other

16.8%

Ch. B: Portfolio Debt Concentration

IMF — Financial Statistics · International Monetary Fund

Warnings

◆ [Medium]BIS creditor coverage gap: non-BIS-reporting countries absent as creditors; concentration may be biased upward.
◆ [Medium]IMF CPIS participation is voluntary; China does not participate. Portfolio debt concentration may understate true exposure.
● [Low]Partial overlap between Channel A (bank claims) and Channel B (portfolio debt securities held by banks).
● [Low]Croatia (HR) absent from Channel B (IMF CPIS). Score reduces to Channel A only.

Axis 2

Energy External Supplier Concentration

0.3079Moderately Concentrated

Belgium scores 0.3079 on energy dependency (moderately concentrated). This reflects the concentration of fossil fuel imports (gas, oil, solid fossil fuels) across supplier countries.

Channels

Ch. gas: Natural Gas Import Concentration

32 partners

Eurostat — Natural Gas Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

22.8%

18.3%

16.6%

Other

22.8%

18.3%

16.6%

Other

16.6%

Ch. oil: Oil Import Concentration

521 partners

Eurostat — Oil Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Ch. solid_fossil: Solid Fossil Fuel Import Concentration

93 partners

Eurostat — Solid Fossil Fuels Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

50.0%

Fuel Concentrations

Gas

0.3111

Oil

0.2949

Solid Fossil

0.3650

Warnings

◆ [Medium]Pipeline gas and LNG not separated. A country importing 50% pipeline gas from Russia and 50% LNG from multiple sources scores as if partially diversified.
◆ [Medium]Re-exports and transit flows may distort bilateral attribution across all fuel types.
● [Low]No price or contract-duration effects captured. Volume-based concentration only.

Axis 3

Technology External Supplier Concentration

0.2945Moderately Concentrated

Belgium scores 0.2945 on technology/semiconductor dependency (moderately concentrated). This reflects the concentration of semiconductor imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.2872

Channel A Volume

14.07B

Channel B Concentration

0.3019

Channel B Volume

14.07B

Score

0.2945

Basis

Both Channels

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

115 partners

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

50.7%

11.0%

8.4%

6.0%

4.8%

3.9%

3.8%

2.6%

2.4%

1.5%

Other

50.7%

11.0%

8.4%

6.0%

4.8%

Other

14.2%

Ch. B: Category-Weighted Supplier Concentration

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Legacy Discrete	0.2604	444M
Legacy Components	0.1319	64.25M
Integrated Circuits	0.3041	13.56B

Warnings

◆ [Medium]Re-export blindness: bilateral trade records shipping country, not country of origin.
● [Low]Trade concentration does not capture domestic fabrication capacity.
● [Low]HS 8542 at HS4 aggregate: integrated circuits not decomposed into subcategories.
● [Low]Intra-EU trade included: EU partners appear as suppliers (by design).
● [Low]Three-year window (2022–2024) may include pandemic-era distortions.

Axis 4

Defense External Supplier Concentration

0.4473Moderately Concentrated

Belgium scores 0.4473 on defense industrial dependency (moderately concentrated). This reflects the concentration of major conventional arms imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.4273

Channel A Volume

1.05K

Channel B Concentration

0.4674

Channel B Volume

1.05K

Score

0.4473

Basis

Both Channels

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

4 partners

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database · Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

Top Partners

48.7%

42.9%

8.0%

0.4%

48.7%

42.9%

8.0%

0.4%

Ch. B: Capability-Block Weighted Concentration

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database · Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Air Power	0.4330	986.78
Land Combat	1.0000	35.64
Naval Combat	1.0000	14.5
Strike Missile	1.0000	8.92
Isr Support	1.0000	4.5

Warnings

◆ [Medium]SIPRI TIV is a volume indicator, not a financial value. Comparability across weapon types is approximate.
◆ [Medium]SIPRI covers major conventional weapons only. Small arms, ammunition, MRO, and sustainment contracts are excluded.
● [Low]Six-year delivery window (2019–2024) may include legacy contracts not reflecting current strategic posture.
● [Low]Regex-based weapon classification may cause edge-case misclassification across capability blocks.
● [Low]Countries with no bilateral SIPRI supplier entries are assigned score=0 (zero external concentration). This reflects licensed production, joint EU procurement, or domestic manufacturing.

Axis 5

Critical Inputs External Supplier Concentration

0.1725Mildly Concentrated

Belgium scores 0.1725 on critical inputs dependency (mildly concentrated). This reflects the concentration of critical raw material imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.1383

Channel A Volume

8.54B

Channel B Concentration

0.2067

Channel B Volume

8.54B

Score

0.1725

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

88 partners

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

29.5%

18.7%

6.2%

5.2%

4.9%

4.1%

3.3%

3.1%

2.7%

2.5%

Other

29.5%

18.7%

6.2%

5.2%

4.9%

Other

15.7%

Ch. B: Material-Group Weighted Supplier Concentration

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Rare Earths	0.2957	12.14M
Battery Metals	0.1617	3.24B
Defense Industrial Metals	0.2072	2.57B
Semiconductor Inputs	0.2363	346.93M
Fertilizer Chokepoints	0.2629	2.37B

Warnings

▲ [High]Re-export and entrepot masking: bilateral trade records shipping country, not origin. 13 of 27 reporters source >50% from EU partners.
◆ [Medium]Small-economy amplification: CY, MT, LU produce mechanically high HHI values due to low total import volumes.
◆ [Medium]CN8 scope covers upstream materials only. Midstream processing and downstream products excluded. China's role understated.
● [Low]Confidential trade suppression: Q-prefix partner codes excluded. May cause underestimation for some partners.

Axis 6

Logistics External Supplier Concentration

0.3521Moderately Concentrated

Belgium scores 0.3521 on logistics/freight dependency (moderately concentrated). This reflects the concentration of international freight across transport modes and bilateral partners.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.3440

Channel A Volume

1.38M

Channel B Concentration

0.3759

Channel B Volume

463.88K

Score

0.3521

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Transport Mode Concentration

Eurostat — Statistical Database · European Commission, Eurostat

Ch. B: Partner Concentration Per Transport Mode

22 partners

Eurostat — Statistical Database · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

55.2%

22.6%

13.9%

2.0%

0.8%

0.6%

0.5%

0.4%

55.2%

22.6%

13.9%

2.0%

Other

3.0%

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Road	0.3759	463.88K

Warnings

▲ [High]Entrepot/hub masking: NL and BE scores understate their systemic importance as continental freight hubs; countries trading through NL/BE have inflated partner concentration masking true origin.
◆ [Medium]Geographic determinism: MT (Channel A HHI = 1.0), CY, and landlocked countries have structurally constrained scores reflecting geography, not policy choices.
◆ [Medium]Maritime-energy overlap: maritime tonnage includes energy commodity transport, creating partial redundancy with Axis 3 (Energy).
◆ [Medium]Tonnage blindness: all freight is treated equally per tonne regardless of commodity type; strategic commodity differentiation is absent.
● [Low]No route/chokepoint data: the axis cannot detect Suez, Bosporus, or any physical corridor dependency.

Cite: Drazsky, S., & International Sovereignty Institute. (2026). International Sovereignty Index (ISI) — EU-27 Founding Cohort (v1.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18764170

Category

HHI

Volume

Legacy Discrete

0.2604

444M

Legacy Components

0.1319

64.25M

Integrated Circuits

0.3041

13.56B

Category

HHI

Volume

Air Power

0.4330

986.78

Land Combat

1.0000

35.64

Naval Combat

1.0000

14.5

Strike Missile

1.0000

8.92

Isr Support

1.0000

4.5

Category

HHI

Volume

Rare Earths

0.2957

12.14M

Battery Metals

0.1617

3.24B

Defense Industrial Metals

0.2072

2.57B

Semiconductor Inputs

0.2363

346.93M

Fertilizer Chokepoints

0.2629

2.37B

Category

HHI

Volume

Road

0.3759

463.88K