Spain

v0.1 · 2022–2024 · 6/6 axes

Composite Score

ISI Composite

0.2609

Moderately Concentrated

Cohort Rank

24 / 27

Less concentrated than 89% of cohort

Axes Coverage

6 / 6

All axes available

Cohort Mean: 0.3444 · Δ -0.0835

Position in Cohort Distribution

Spain's composite score relative to the EU-27 cohort.

Multi-Axis Profile

Deviation from Cohort Mean

Bars show deviation from cohort composite mean (0.3444). Red = above mean. Green = below mean.

Axis

−0.30EU Mean+0.30

ScoreΔ Mean

Financial External Supplier Concentration

0.1455−0.1988

Energy External Supplier Concentration

0.3019−0.0425

Technology External Supplier Concentration

0.1926−0.1518

Defense External Supplier Concentration

0.3809+0.0365

Critical Inputs External Supplier Concentration

0.1124−0.2320

Logistics External Supplier Concentration

0.4324+0.0880

Structural Exposure Summary

Spain records a composite ISI of 0.2609, classified as Moderately Concentrated (rank 24 of 27). Structural exposure is led by Logistics / Freight Dependency (0.4324) and Defense Industrial Dependency (0.3809), which together represent the primary concentration vectors. The lowest axis score is Critical Inputs / Raw Materials Dependency at 0.1124, indicating relative diversification in this domain and a score below the cohort composite mean. The 0.3200 spread between the highest and lowest axes signals an uneven exposure profile across domains.

Most Diversified (Lowest HHI)

Critical Inputs External Supplier Concentration0.1124

Financial External Supplier Concentration0.1455

Most Concentrated (Highest HHI)

Logistics External Supplier Concentration0.4324

Defense External Supplier Concentration0.3809

Axis 1

Financial External Supplier Concentration

0.1455Unconcentrated

Spain scores 0.1455 on financial sovereignty (unconcentrated). This reflects the concentration of inward banking claims and portfolio debt holdings across foreign creditor countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.1484

Channel A Volume

598.24K

Channel B Concentration

0.1420

Channel B Volume

479.01K

Score

0.1455

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Banking Claims Concentration

30 partners

BIS — International Banking Statistics · Bank for International Settlements

Top Partners

29.5%

14.6%

12.5%

10.0%

7.3%

6.9%

4.0%

3.2%

2.8%

1.8%

Other

29.5%

14.6%

12.5%

10.0%

7.3%

Other

18.7%

Ch. B: Portfolio Debt Concentration

IMF — Financial Statistics · International Monetary Fund

Warnings

◆ [Medium]BIS creditor coverage gap: non-BIS-reporting countries absent as creditors; concentration may be biased upward.
◆ [Medium]IMF CPIS participation is voluntary; China does not participate. Portfolio debt concentration may understate true exposure.
● [Low]Partial overlap between Channel A (bank claims) and Channel B (portfolio debt securities held by banks).
● [Low]Croatia (HR) absent from Channel B (IMF CPIS). Score reduces to Channel A only.

Axis 2

Energy External Supplier Concentration

0.3019Moderately Concentrated

Spain scores 0.3019 on energy dependency (moderately concentrated). This reflects the concentration of fossil fuel imports (gas, oil, solid fossil fuels) across supplier countries.

Channels

Ch. gas: Natural Gas Import Concentration

56 partners

Eurostat — Natural Gas Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

19.3%

17.7%

13.9%

Other

19.3%

17.7%

13.9%

Other

13.9%

Ch. oil: Oil Import Concentration

648 partners

Eurostat — Oil Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

50.0%

Ch. solid_fossil: Solid Fossil Fuel Import Concentration

98 partners

Eurostat — Solid Fossil Fuels Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

24.7%

22.8%

21.8%

21.0%

24.7%

22.8%

21.8%

21.0%

Fuel Concentrations

Gas

0.3085

Oil

0.2723

Solid Fossil

0.3122

Warnings

◆ [Medium]Pipeline gas and LNG not separated. A country importing 50% pipeline gas from Russia and 50% LNG from multiple sources scores as if partially diversified.
◆ [Medium]Re-exports and transit flows may distort bilateral attribution across all fuel types.
● [Low]No price or contract-duration effects captured. Volume-based concentration only.

Axis 3

Technology External Supplier Concentration

0.1926Mildly Concentrated

Spain scores 0.1926 on technology/semiconductor dependency (mildly concentrated). This reflects the concentration of semiconductor imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.1861

Channel A Volume

4.26B

Channel B Concentration

0.1991

Channel B Volume

4.26B

Score

0.1926

Basis

Both Channels

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

134 partners

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

37.3%

17.4%

8.6%

4.5%

4.1%

3.8%

3.3%

3.1%

3.0%

2.1%

Other

37.3%

17.4%

8.6%

4.5%

4.1%

Other

15.3%

Ch. B: Category-Weighted Supplier Concentration

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Legacy Discrete	0.2423	642.35M
Legacy Components	0.2163	228.63M
Integrated Circuits	0.1898	3.39B

Warnings

◆ [Medium]Re-export blindness: bilateral trade records shipping country, not country of origin.
● [Low]Trade concentration does not capture domestic fabrication capacity.
● [Low]HS 8542 at HS4 aggregate: integrated circuits not decomposed into subcategories.
● [Low]Intra-EU trade included: EU partners appear as suppliers (by design).
● [Low]Three-year window (2022–2024) may include pandemic-era distortions.

Axis 4

Defense External Supplier Concentration

0.3809Moderately Concentrated

Spain scores 0.3809 on defense industrial dependency (moderately concentrated). This reflects the concentration of major conventional arms imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.3666

Channel A Volume

762.2100

Channel B Concentration

0.3951

Channel B Volume

762.2100

Score

0.3809

Basis

Both Channels

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

8 partners

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database · Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

Top Partners

55.8%

16.1%

15.8%

4.8%

4.5%

1.6%

1.3%

0.1%

55.8%

16.1%

15.8%

4.8%

4.5%

Other

3.0%

Ch. B: Capability-Block Weighted Concentration

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database · Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Air Power	0.3681	710.43
Land Combat	1.0000	3.01
Air Missile Defense	0.7160	21.24
Naval Combat	1.0000	0.75
Strike Missile	0.8808	14.14
Isr Support	0.6515	12.64

Warnings

◆ [Medium]SIPRI TIV is a volume indicator, not a financial value. Comparability across weapon types is approximate.
◆ [Medium]SIPRI covers major conventional weapons only. Small arms, ammunition, MRO, and sustainment contracts are excluded.
● [Low]Six-year delivery window (2019–2024) may include legacy contracts not reflecting current strategic posture.
● [Low]Regex-based weapon classification may cause edge-case misclassification across capability blocks.
● [Low]Countries with no bilateral SIPRI supplier entries are assigned score=0 (zero external concentration). This reflects licensed production, joint EU procurement, or domestic manufacturing.

Axis 5

Critical Inputs External Supplier Concentration

0.1124Unconcentrated

Spain scores 0.1124 on critical inputs dependency (unconcentrated). This reflects the concentration of critical raw material imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.0840

Channel A Volume

2.9B

Channel B Concentration

0.1407

Channel B Volume

2.9B

Score

0.1124

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

91 partners

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

22.6%

10.3%

7.1%

6.2%

4.5%

4.2%

3.7%

3.4%

3.2%

Other

22.6%

10.3%

7.1%

6.2%

4.5%

Other

18.2%

Ch. B: Material-Group Weighted Supplier Concentration

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Rare Earths	0.1906	29.23M
Battery Metals	0.1338	1.16B
Defense Industrial Metals	0.1505	998.55M
Semiconductor Inputs	0.1708	252.09M
Fertilizer Chokepoints	0.1168	453.63M

Warnings

▲ [High]Re-export and entrepot masking: bilateral trade records shipping country, not origin. 13 of 27 reporters source >50% from EU partners.
◆ [Medium]Small-economy amplification: CY, MT, LU produce mechanically high HHI values due to low total import volumes.
◆ [Medium]CN8 scope covers upstream materials only. Midstream processing and downstream products excluded. China's role understated.
● [Low]Confidential trade suppression: Q-prefix partner codes excluded. May cause underestimation for some partners.

Axis 6

Logistics External Supplier Concentration

0.4324Moderately Concentrated

Spain scores 0.4324 on logistics/freight dependency (moderately concentrated). This reflects the concentration of international freight across transport modes and bilateral partners.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.4969

Channel A Volume

1.86M

Channel B Concentration

0.3086

Channel B Volume

969.73K

Score

0.4324

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Transport Mode Concentration

Eurostat — Statistical Database · European Commission, Eurostat

Ch. B: Partner Concentration Per Transport Mode

40 partners

Eurostat — Statistical Database · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

59.2%

50.7%

20.5%

17.6%

10.5%

10.0%

7.9%

5.1%

4.5%

3.4%

Other

59.2%

50.7%

20.5%

17.6%

10.5%

Other

30.8%

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Road	0.3078	962.55K
Rail	0.4065	7.19K

Warnings

▲ [High]Entrepot/hub masking: NL and BE scores understate their systemic importance as continental freight hubs; countries trading through NL/BE have inflated partner concentration masking true origin.
◆ [Medium]Geographic determinism: MT (Channel A HHI = 1.0), CY, and landlocked countries have structurally constrained scores reflecting geography, not policy choices.
◆ [Medium]Maritime-energy overlap: maritime tonnage includes energy commodity transport, creating partial redundancy with Axis 3 (Energy).
◆ [Medium]Tonnage blindness: all freight is treated equally per tonne regardless of commodity type; strategic commodity differentiation is absent.
● [Low]No route/chokepoint data: the axis cannot detect Suez, Bosporus, or any physical corridor dependency.

Cite: Drazsky, S., & International Sovereignty Institute. (2026). International Sovereignty Index (ISI) — EU-27 Founding Cohort (v1.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18764170

Category

HHI

Volume

Legacy Discrete

0.2423

642.35M

Legacy Components

0.2163

228.63M

Integrated Circuits

0.1898

3.39B

Category

HHI

Volume

Air Power

0.3681

710.43

Land Combat

1.0000

3.01

Air Missile Defense

0.7160

21.24

Naval Combat

1.0000

0.75

Strike Missile

0.8808

14.14

Isr Support

0.6515

12.64

Category

HHI

Volume

Rare Earths

0.1906

29.23M

Battery Metals

0.1338

1.16B

Defense Industrial Metals

0.1505

998.55M

Semiconductor Inputs

0.1708

252.09M

Fertilizer Chokepoints

0.1168

453.63M

Category

HHI

Volume

Road

0.3078

962.55K

Rail

0.4065

7.19K