Luxembourg

v0.1 · 2022–2024 · 6/6 axes

Composite Score

ISI Composite

0.3602

Moderately Concentrated

Cohort Rank

12 / 27

Less concentrated than 44% of cohort

Axes Coverage

6 / 6

All axes available

Cohort Mean: 0.3444 · Δ +0.0158

Position in Cohort Distribution

Luxembourg's composite score relative to the EU-27 cohort.

Multi-Axis Profile

Deviation from Cohort Mean

Bars show deviation from cohort composite mean (0.3444). Red = above mean. Green = below mean.

Axis

−0.30EU Mean+0.30

ScoreΔ Mean

Financial External Supplier Concentration

0.1146−0.2298

Energy External Supplier Concentration

0.3598+0.0154

Technology External Supplier Concentration

0.2002−0.1442

Defense External Supplier Concentration

0.6448+0.3004

Critical Inputs External Supplier Concentration

0.2230−0.1214

Logistics External Supplier Concentration

0.6186+0.2742

Structural Exposure Summary

Luxembourg records a composite ISI of 0.3602, classified as Moderately Concentrated (rank 12 of 27). Structural exposure is led by Defense Industrial Dependency (0.6448) and Logistics / Freight Dependency (0.6186), which together represent the primary concentration vectors. The lowest axis score is Financial Sovereignty at 0.1146, indicating relative diversification in this domain and a score below the cohort composite mean. The 0.5302 spread between the highest and lowest axes signals an uneven exposure profile across domains.

Most Diversified (Lowest HHI)

Financial External Supplier Concentration0.1146

Technology External Supplier Concentration0.2002

Most Concentrated (Highest HHI)

Defense External Supplier Concentration0.6448

Logistics External Supplier Concentration0.6186

Axis 1

Financial External Supplier Concentration

0.1146Unconcentrated

Luxembourg scores 0.1146 on financial sovereignty (unconcentrated). This reflects the concentration of inward banking claims and portfolio debt holdings across foreign creditor countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.1257

Channel A Volume

1.24M

Channel B Concentration

0.1099

Channel B Volume

2.91M

Score

0.1146

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Banking Claims Concentration

30 partners

BIS — International Banking Statistics · Bank for International Settlements

Top Partners

20.9%

18.1%

15.8%

11.6%

5.1%

4.7%

4.3%

3.8%

2.9%

2.2%

Other

20.9%

18.1%

15.8%

11.6%

5.1%

Other

18.0%

Ch. B: Portfolio Debt Concentration

IMF — Financial Statistics · International Monetary Fund

Warnings

◆ [Medium]BIS creditor coverage gap: non-BIS-reporting countries absent as creditors; concentration may be biased upward.
◆ [Medium]IMF CPIS participation is voluntary; China does not participate. Portfolio debt concentration may understate true exposure.
● [Low]Partial overlap between Channel A (bank claims) and Channel B (portfolio debt securities held by banks).
● [Low]Croatia (HR) absent from Channel B (IMF CPIS). Score reduces to Channel A only.

Axis 2

Energy External Supplier Concentration

0.3598Moderately Concentrated

Luxembourg scores 0.3598 on energy dependency (moderately concentrated). This reflects the concentration of fossil fuel imports (gas, oil, solid fossil fuels) across supplier countries.

Channels

Ch. gas: Natural Gas Import Concentration

18 partners

Eurostat — Natural Gas Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

27.0%

15.0%

3.5%

1.5%

27.0%

15.0%

3.5%

Other

6.5%

Ch. oil: Oil Import Concentration

89 partners

Eurostat — Oil Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

50.0%

Ch. solid_fossil: Solid Fossil Fuel Import Concentration

20 partners

Eurostat — Solid Fossil Fuels Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

50.0%

NSP

50.0%

NSP

50.0%

NSP

50.0%

NSP

50.0%

NSP

50.0%

Fuel Concentrations

Gas

0.3469

Oil

0.3809

Solid Fossil

0.4387

Warnings

◆ [Medium]Pipeline gas and LNG not separated. A country importing 50% pipeline gas from Russia and 50% LNG from multiple sources scores as if partially diversified.
◆ [Medium]Re-exports and transit flows may distort bilateral attribution across all fuel types.
● [Low]No price or contract-duration effects captured. Volume-based concentration only.

Axis 3

Technology External Supplier Concentration

0.2002Mildly Concentrated

Luxembourg scores 0.2002 on technology/semiconductor dependency (mildly concentrated). This reflects the concentration of semiconductor imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.1890

Channel A Volume

62.8M

Channel B Concentration

0.2114

Channel B Volume

62.8M

Score

0.2002

Basis

Both Channels

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

56 partners

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

37.9%

15.8%

8.2%

6.4%

5.5%

4.5%

3.5%

2.7%

2.6%

2.2%

Other

37.9%

15.8%

8.2%

6.4%

5.5%

Other

15.6%

Ch. B: Category-Weighted Supplier Concentration

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Legacy Discrete	0.2780	2.97M
Legacy Components	0.6305	3.63M
Integrated Circuits	0.1809	56.2M

Warnings

◆ [Medium]Re-export blindness: bilateral trade records shipping country, not country of origin.
● [Low]Trade concentration does not capture domestic fabrication capacity.
● [Low]HS 8542 at HS4 aggregate: integrated circuits not decomposed into subcategories.
● [Low]Intra-EU trade included: EU partners appear as suppliers (by design).
● [Low]Three-year window (2022–2024) may include pandemic-era distortions.

Axis 4

Defense External Supplier Concentration

0.6448Highly Concentrated

Luxembourg scores 0.6448 on defense industrial dependency (highly concentrated). This reflects the concentration of major conventional arms imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.6205

Channel A Volume

95.6800

Channel B Concentration

0.6692

Channel B Volume

95.6800

Score

0.6448

Basis

Both Channels

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

5 partners

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database · Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

Top Partners

76.3%

19.3%

2.8%

1.3%

0.3%

76.3%

19.3%

2.8%

1.3%

0.3%

Ch. B: Capability-Block Weighted Concentration

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database · Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Air Power	0.6733	91.78
Land Combat	0.5740	3.9

Warnings

◆ [Medium]SIPRI TIV is a volume indicator, not a financial value. Comparability across weapon types is approximate.
◆ [Medium]SIPRI covers major conventional weapons only. Small arms, ammunition, MRO, and sustainment contracts are excluded.
● [Low]Six-year delivery window (2019–2024) may include legacy contracts not reflecting current strategic posture.
● [Low]Regex-based weapon classification may cause edge-case misclassification across capability blocks.
● [Low]Countries with no bilateral SIPRI supplier entries are assigned score=0 (zero external concentration). This reflects licensed production, joint EU procurement, or domestic manufacturing.

Axis 5

Critical Inputs External Supplier Concentration

0.2230Mildly Concentrated

Luxembourg scores 0.2230 on critical inputs dependency (mildly concentrated). This reflects the concentration of critical raw material imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.1429

Channel A Volume

9.15M

Channel B Concentration

0.3030

Channel B Volume

9.15M

Score

0.2230

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

24 partners

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

24.9%

13.1%

12.1%

11.7%

11.3%

9.9%

8.0%

7.8%

0.6%

0.2%

Other

24.9%

13.1%

12.1%

11.7%

11.3%

Other

26.4%

Ch. B: Material-Group Weighted Supplier Concentration

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Rare Earths	0.4649	368.99K
Battery Metals	0.3582	1.17M
Defense Industrial Metals	0.2526	5.58M
Semiconductor Inputs	0.4843	923.98K
Fertilizer Chokepoints	0.2934	1.11M

Warnings

▲ [High]Re-export and entrepot masking: bilateral trade records shipping country, not origin. 13 of 27 reporters source >50% from EU partners.
◆ [Medium]Small-economy amplification: CY, MT, LU produce mechanically high HHI values due to low total import volumes.
◆ [Medium]CN8 scope covers upstream materials only. Midstream processing and downstream products excluded. China's role understated.
● [Low]Confidential trade suppression: Q-prefix partner codes excluded. May cause underestimation for some partners.

Axis 6

Logistics External Supplier Concentration

0.6186Highly Concentrated

Luxembourg scores 0.6186 on logistics/freight dependency (highly concentrated). This reflects the concentration of international freight across transport modes and bilateral partners.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.9189

Channel A Volume

135.28K

Channel B Concentration

0.3124

Channel B Volume

132.65K

Score

0.6186

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Transport Mode Concentration

Eurostat — Statistical Database · European Commission, Eurostat

Ch. B: Partner Concentration Per Transport Mode

30 partners

Eurostat — Statistical Database · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

38.6%

37.8%

34.6%

29.3%

27.8%

9.8%

4.1%

3.6%

3.2%

2.8%

Other

38.6%

37.8%

34.6%

29.3%

27.8%

Other

23.5%

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Road	0.3132	129.61K
Rail	0.2775	3.04K

Warnings

▲ [High]Entrepot/hub masking: NL and BE scores understate their systemic importance as continental freight hubs; countries trading through NL/BE have inflated partner concentration masking true origin.
◆ [Medium]Geographic determinism: MT (Channel A HHI = 1.0), CY, and landlocked countries have structurally constrained scores reflecting geography, not policy choices.
◆ [Medium]Maritime-energy overlap: maritime tonnage includes energy commodity transport, creating partial redundancy with Axis 3 (Energy).
◆ [Medium]Tonnage blindness: all freight is treated equally per tonne regardless of commodity type; strategic commodity differentiation is absent.
● [Low]No route/chokepoint data: the axis cannot detect Suez, Bosporus, or any physical corridor dependency.

Cite: Drazsky, S., & International Sovereignty Institute. (2026). International Sovereignty Index (ISI) — EU-27 Founding Cohort (v1.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18764170

Category

HHI

Volume

Legacy Discrete

0.2780

2.97M

Legacy Components

0.6305

3.63M

Integrated Circuits

0.1809

56.2M

Category

HHI

Volume

Air Power

0.6733

91.78

Land Combat

0.5740

3.9

Category

HHI

Volume

Rare Earths

0.4649

368.99K

Battery Metals

0.3582

1.17M

Defense Industrial Metals

0.2526

5.58M

Semiconductor Inputs

0.4843

923.98K

Fertilizer Chokepoints

0.2934

1.11M

Category

HHI

Volume

Road

0.3132

129.61K

Rail

0.2775

3.04K