Romania

v0.1 · 2022–2024 · 6/6 axes

Composite Score

ISI Composite

0.3186

Moderately Concentrated

Cohort Rank

18 / 27

Less concentrated than 67% of cohort

Axes Coverage

6 / 6

All axes available

Cohort Mean: 0.3444 · Δ -0.0257

Position in Cohort Distribution

Romania's composite score relative to the EU-27 cohort.

Multi-Axis Profile

Deviation from Cohort Mean

Bars show deviation from cohort composite mean (0.3444). Red = above mean. Green = below mean.

Axis

−0.30EU Mean+0.30

ScoreΔ Mean

Financial External Supplier Concentration

0.2003−0.1441

Energy External Supplier Concentration

0.4055+0.0611

Technology External Supplier Concentration

0.2969−0.0475

Defense External Supplier Concentration

0.5635+0.2191

Critical Inputs External Supplier Concentration

0.1581−0.1862

Logistics External Supplier Concentration

0.2875−0.0569

Structural Exposure Summary

Romania records a composite ISI of 0.3186, classified as Moderately Concentrated (rank 18 of 27). Structural exposure is led by Defense Industrial Dependency (0.5635) and Energy Dependency (0.4055), which together represent the primary concentration vectors. The lowest axis score is Critical Inputs / Raw Materials Dependency at 0.1581, indicating relative diversification in this domain and a score below the cohort composite mean. The 0.4054 spread between the highest and lowest axes signals an uneven exposure profile across domains.

Most Diversified (Lowest HHI)

Critical Inputs External Supplier Concentration0.1581

Financial External Supplier Concentration0.2003

Most Concentrated (Highest HHI)

Defense External Supplier Concentration0.5635

Energy External Supplier Concentration0.4055

Axis 1

Financial External Supplier Concentration

0.2003Mildly Concentrated

Romania scores 0.2003 on financial sovereignty (mildly concentrated). This reflects the concentration of inward banking claims and portfolio debt holdings across foreign creditor countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.2066

Channel A Volume

27.28K

Channel B Concentration

0.1764

Channel B Volume

7.15K

Score

0.2003

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Banking Claims Concentration

22 partners

BIS — International Banking Statistics · Bank for International Settlements

Top Partners

36.8%

17.2%

17.0%

6.7%

6.6%

5.0%

2.7%

1.7%

1.6%

1.5%

Other

36.8%

17.2%

17.0%

6.7%

6.6%

Other

12.6%

Ch. B: Portfolio Debt Concentration

IMF — Financial Statistics · International Monetary Fund

Warnings

◆ [Medium]BIS creditor coverage gap: non-BIS-reporting countries absent as creditors; concentration may be biased upward.
◆ [Medium]IMF CPIS participation is voluntary; China does not participate. Portfolio debt concentration may understate true exposure.
● [Low]Partial overlap between Channel A (bank claims) and Channel B (portfolio debt securities held by banks).
● [Low]Croatia (HR) absent from Channel B (IMF CPIS). Score reduces to Channel A only.

Axis 2

Energy External Supplier Concentration

0.4055Moderately Concentrated

Romania scores 0.4055 on energy dependency (moderately concentrated). This reflects the concentration of fossil fuel imports (gas, oil, solid fossil fuels) across supplier countries.

Channels

Ch. gas: Natural Gas Import Concentration

6 partners

Eurostat — Natural Gas Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

49.0%

1.0%

49.0%

1.0%

Ch. oil: Oil Import Concentration

673 partners

Eurostat — Oil Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Ch. solid_fossil: Solid Fossil Fuel Import Concentration

113 partners

Eurostat — Solid Fossil Fuels Trade · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

29.1%

Fuel Concentrations

Gas

0.4904

Oil

0.3029

Solid Fossil

0.3021

Warnings

◆ [Medium]Pipeline gas and LNG not separated. A country importing 50% pipeline gas from Russia and 50% LNG from multiple sources scores as if partially diversified.
◆ [Medium]Re-exports and transit flows may distort bilateral attribution across all fuel types.
● [Low]No price or contract-duration effects captured. Volume-based concentration only.

Axis 3

Technology External Supplier Concentration

0.2969Moderately Concentrated

Romania scores 0.2969 on technology/semiconductor dependency (moderately concentrated). This reflects the concentration of semiconductor imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.2936

Channel A Volume

7.88B

Channel B Concentration

0.3002

Channel B Volume

7.88B

Score

0.2969

Basis

Both Channels

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

95 partners

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

51.7%

12.5%

5.4%

4.7%

3.8%

3.2%

2.7%

2.5%

2.1%

1.8%

Other

51.7%

12.5%

5.4%

4.7%

3.8%

Other

12.4%

Ch. B: Category-Weighted Supplier Concentration

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Legacy Discrete	0.4756	1.14B
Legacy Components	0.1691	151.76M
Integrated Circuits	0.2729	6.59B

Warnings

◆ [Medium]Re-export blindness: bilateral trade records shipping country, not country of origin.
● [Low]Trade concentration does not capture domestic fabrication capacity.
● [Low]HS 8542 at HS4 aggregate: integrated circuits not decomposed into subcategories.
● [Low]Intra-EU trade included: EU partners appear as suppliers (by design).
● [Low]Three-year window (2022–2024) may include pandemic-era distortions.

Axis 4

Defense External Supplier Concentration

0.5635Highly Concentrated

Romania scores 0.5635 on defense industrial dependency (highly concentrated). This reflects the concentration of major conventional arms imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.4135

Channel A Volume

1.13K

Channel B Concentration

0.7136

Channel B Volume

1.13K

Score

0.5635

Basis

Both Channels

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

9 partners

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database · Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

Top Partners

61.5%

15.1%

8.3%

5.0%

3.8%

2.5%

1.6%

1.1%

1.0%

61.5%

15.1%

8.3%

5.0%

3.8%

Other

6.2%

Ch. B: Capability-Block Weighted Concentration

SIPRI Arms Transfers Database · Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI)

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Air Power	0.4085	290.4
Land Combat	0.3644	202.18
Air Missile Defense	0.9125	272.5
Naval Combat	1.0000	18
Strike Missile	1.0000	337.32
Isr Support	1.0000	11.28

Warnings

◆ [Medium]SIPRI TIV is a volume indicator, not a financial value. Comparability across weapon types is approximate.
◆ [Medium]SIPRI covers major conventional weapons only. Small arms, ammunition, MRO, and sustainment contracts are excluded.
● [Low]Six-year delivery window (2019–2024) may include legacy contracts not reflecting current strategic posture.
● [Low]Regex-based weapon classification may cause edge-case misclassification across capability blocks.
● [Low]Countries with no bilateral SIPRI supplier entries are assigned score=0 (zero external concentration). This reflects licensed production, joint EU procurement, or domestic manufacturing.

Axis 5

Critical Inputs External Supplier Concentration

0.1581Mildly Concentrated

Romania scores 0.1581 on critical inputs dependency (mildly concentrated). This reflects the concentration of critical raw material imports across supplier countries.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.1216

Channel A Volume

140.28M

Channel B Concentration

0.1947

Channel B Volume

140.28M

Score

0.1581

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Aggregate Supplier Concentration

58 partners

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

26.2%

17.2%

7.9%

7.4%

7.0%

4.4%

2.9%

2.5%

2.3%

2.0%

Other

26.2%

17.2%

7.9%

7.4%

7.0%

Other

14.2%

Ch. B: Material-Group Weighted Supplier Concentration

Eurostat Comext — Detailed Trade Statistics · European Commission, Eurostat

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Rare Earths	0.2053	442.97K
Battery Metals	0.2302	25.21M
Defense Industrial Metals	0.1689	32.34M
Semiconductor Inputs	0.1145	43.53M
Fertilizer Chokepoints	0.2830	38.76M

Warnings

▲ [High]Re-export and entrepot masking: bilateral trade records shipping country, not origin. 13 of 27 reporters source >50% from EU partners.
◆ [Medium]Small-economy amplification: CY, MT, LU produce mechanically high HHI values due to low total import volumes.
◆ [Medium]CN8 scope covers upstream materials only. Midstream processing and downstream products excluded. China's role understated.
● [Low]Confidential trade suppression: Q-prefix partner codes excluded. May cause underestimation for some partners.

Axis 6

Logistics External Supplier Concentration

0.2875Moderately Concentrated

Romania scores 0.2875 on logistics/freight dependency (moderately concentrated). This reflects the concentration of international freight across transport modes and bilateral partners.

Audit Breakdown

Channel A Concentration

0.3859

Channel A Volume

381.92K

Channel B Concentration

0.1023

Channel B Volume

202.97K

Score

0.2875

Basis

Both

Channels

Ch. A: Transport Mode Concentration

Eurostat — Statistical Database · European Commission, Eurostat

Ch. B: Partner Concentration Per Transport Mode

62 partners

Eurostat — Statistical Database · European Commission, Eurostat

Top Partners

22.1%

18.8%

15.7%

13.9%

13.3%

9.8%

9.4%

7.5%

7.1%

Other

22.1%

18.8%

15.7%

13.9%

13.3%

Other

47.1%

Subcategories

Category	HHI	Volume
Road	0.1015	192.78K
Rail	0.1187	10.18K

Warnings

▲ [High]Entrepot/hub masking: NL and BE scores understate their systemic importance as continental freight hubs; countries trading through NL/BE have inflated partner concentration masking true origin.
◆ [Medium]Geographic determinism: MT (Channel A HHI = 1.0), CY, and landlocked countries have structurally constrained scores reflecting geography, not policy choices.
◆ [Medium]Maritime-energy overlap: maritime tonnage includes energy commodity transport, creating partial redundancy with Axis 3 (Energy).
◆ [Medium]Tonnage blindness: all freight is treated equally per tonne regardless of commodity type; strategic commodity differentiation is absent.
● [Low]No route/chokepoint data: the axis cannot detect Suez, Bosporus, or any physical corridor dependency.

Cite: Drazsky, S., & International Sovereignty Institute. (2026). International Sovereignty Index (ISI) — EU-27 Founding Cohort (v1.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18764170

Category

HHI

Volume

Legacy Discrete

0.4756

1.14B

Legacy Components

0.1691

151.76M

Integrated Circuits

0.2729

6.59B

Category

HHI

Volume

Air Power

0.4085

290.4

Land Combat

0.3644

202.18

Air Missile Defense

0.9125

272.5

Naval Combat

1.0000

Strike Missile

1.0000

337.32

Isr Support

1.0000

11.28

Category

HHI

Volume

Rare Earths

0.2053

442.97K

Battery Metals

0.2302

25.21M

Defense Industrial Metals

0.1689

32.34M

Semiconductor Inputs

0.1145

43.53M

Fertilizer Chokepoints

0.2830

38.76M

Category

HHI

Volume

Road

0.1015

192.78K

Rail

0.1187

10.18K